28 May 2024

GS 1 : [Geography : Imporatant Geographical Phenomena]

El Nino

• El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
• It is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
• It occurs more frequently than La Nina.

La Nina

• La Nina, the “cool phase” of ENSO, is a pattern that describes the unusual cooling of the tropical eastern Pacific.
• La Nina events may last between one and three years, unlike El Nino, which usually lasts no more than a year.
• Both phenomena tend to peak during the Northern Hemisphere winter.

IOD or Indian Nino:

• IOD, sometimes referred to as the Indian Nino, is similar to the El Nino phenomenon, occurring in the relatively smaller area of the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian and Malaysian coastline in the east and the African coastline near Somalia in the west.
• The El Nino is the warmer-than-normal phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, during which there are generally warmer temperatures and less rainfall than normal in many regions of the world, including India.
• One side of the ocean, along the equator, gets warmer than the other.
• IOD is said to be positive when the western side of the Indian Ocean, near the Somalia coast, becomes warmer than the eastern Indian Ocean.
• It is negative when the western Indian Ocean is cooler.

Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)

GS : 3 Economy : Trade and Commerce

India sources over 50% of its mobiles, automatic data processing units, and semiconductor devices from China.

Again, Made in China!

• In FY24, China once again became India’s top trading partner.
• This is the sixth time in the last 10 years that China has beaten the U.S. to emerge as India’s top partner.
• A country is designated as a top trading partner if the total value of India’s exports to it and imports from it exceeds that of any other country.

• Notably, China’s status as India’s top trading partner is primarily due to the exceptionally high volume of imports from China, which overshadows the relatively low volume of exports to China by India.
• That is why India’s trade deficit with China has been widening the fastest, in absolute terms, compared with other partners.
• India’s trade relationship with the U.S. is the opposite, with India exporting more to the U.S. than what it imports. In fact, the gap between imports and exports, or the trade balance (trade surplus in this case), has been widening in recent years.

Detailed analysis

• While imports from China have surged, exports to China have remained stagnant. On the other hand, exports to the U.S. as well as imports from the U.S. have increased, though the degree of increase in exports was greater than that of the imports.
• Among India’s partners, China and the U.S. occupy the two extreme ends. With the U.S., India has a trade surplus of $36.7 billion, while with China, India has a trade deficit of $85.1 billion in FY24. Both these figures are the highest ever trade surplus and trade deficit recorded with the respective countries.
• The trade deficit with Russia has skyrocketed in recent years, from just $6.6 billion in FY22 to $57.2 in FY24. A majority of this is due to the import of oil at a discounted price from Russia, after the West imposed sanctions on the country. Russia is currently the chief oil source for India.
• India’s trade surplus with the Netherlands has increased; this is also connected to the sanctions on Russia.
• About 40-45% of the crude oil sourced from Russia is converted to petrol, diesel, and other products by Indian refineries and sold to the Netherlands. The European country is sourcing petroleum products from India and not directly from Russia due to the sanctions. It then redistributes these products among its neighbours.
• A majority of the items that India imports from China can be classified as electronics and electrical items.
• In the FY15 to FY24 period, India imported $75 billion worth of mobiles/telephones, the biggest component in the import basket.
• This was followed by automatic data processing units, semiconductor devices and diodes and electronic integrated circuits.
• Not only is India buying electrical and electronic items from China in bulk, but also, China is the major source for most of these items, with very few alternatives.
• India sourced 54% of its mobiles/telephones from China in the FY15 to FY24 period. It also sourced close to 56% of automatic data processing units, about 70% of semiconductor devices and diodes, and 32% of electronic integrated circuits and micro assemblies from China in this period.

Way forward